Q&A: Phân biệt Injure, Wound, Hurt, Harm, Damage và Impair (P1)

Những từ vựng tiếng Anh như injure, wound, hurt, harm, damage, impair đều có những nghĩa tương tự nhau (làm bị thương, gây hại… cho ai/vật gì). Phần 1 của loạt ba bài phân biệt nhóm từ này sẽ giúp cho các bạn cái nhìn tổng quan về cách sử dụng các từ này nhé

1. HURT

Verb:

a. (Nội động từ) diễn tả cảm giác đau: (có thể dùng ở thì đơn giản hoặc tiếp diễn mà không khác nhau về nghĩa)

Ví dụ:

Have you been knocked over? Tell me where it hurts.
It’s hurting/ My arm hurts.

b. (Ngoại động từ)

hurt somebody: làm đau ai (một bộ phần nào trên cơ thể)

Ví dụ:

You’re hurting my arm.

hurt someone’s feelings: làm ai tổn thương về tinh thần

Ví dụ:

I think she’s going to be hurt. I don’t think she’ll ever fall in love again.
What hurt me most was the betrayal. How could he behave like that?

Noun, adjective:

Ví dụ:

The hurt that she felt was deep and would only be softened with the passing of time.
They were suffering from shock but did not seem to be otherwise hurt.

2. INJURE:

Verb:

(Ngoại động từ) có nghĩa là gây ra những thương tổn về thể xác, thường là do tai nạn.

Ví dụ:

A number of bombs have exploded, seriously injuring scores of people.
The demonstrators injured a number of innocent people when they started throwing stones.

Noun / Adjective:

The injured (noun) / injury (noun) / injured (adjective):

The injured were taken to hospital by air-ambulance.
Their injuries were thought to be serious.
He was not seriously injured, though his coach took him off at half-time as a precaution.
Two minutes of injury time were played at the end of the fist half.

Lưu ý: Một tính từ khác là injurious. Tính từ này có nghĩa là: có hại (harmful):

·Ví dụ:

Smoking is injurious / harmful to your health.

3. WOUND:

Verb:

(Ngoại động từ) có nghĩa là làm bị thương ai bằng vũ khí.

Ví dụ:

There was no escape. They were mortally wounded by the enemy fire.
The driver of the Red-Cross ambulance was wounded by the shrapnel.

Lưu ý: những cặp adv- v đi kèm với nhau hay gặp là badly hurt / seriously injured /mortally wounded. 3 động từ này cũng hay dùng ở thể bị động

Noun / Adjective:

Wound / wounded

Ví dụ:

The open wound really needed stitches and took a long time to heal.
The four wounded men were taken to the field hospital in the back of the Jeep.

Lưu ý: ta có cụm “to rub salt into the wound” – khiến cho tình huống nào trở nên tồi tệ hơn

“to lick one’s wounds” – dần hồi phục trở lại, vượt qua (sau khi bị đánh bại, bị làm xẩu hổ…)

Ví dụ:

I didn’t want to rub salt into the wound so decided not to mention Bob’s infidelity.
The British team could only retire and lick their woundsafter such a comprehensive defeat on Spanish soil.

4. DAMAGE

Verb:

Phá hủy, phá hoại (dùng cho vật, những tính chất trừu tượng như danh tiếng, nền kinh tế, sức khỏe, hạnh phúc…)

Ví dụ:

The car was so badly damaged in the accident that it was barely worth repairing.
If he continues drinking like that, his reputation as a defence lawyer will be damaged.
High inflation was damaging the country’s economy.
emotionally damaged children

Noun / Adjective:

damage / damaged

Lưu ý ngoại lệ: brain-damaged (not brain-injured) or suffering brain damage. Thông thường damage dùng để chỉ vật

Ví dụ:

Professional boxers sometimes suffer irreversible brain damage.
It was a huge bomb and the damage caused to the shopping precinct was quite extensive.

Ta cũng có cụm: What’s the damage? = ‘What is the damage to my purse or my pocket?’ hay “What do I owe you in payment for this service or these goods?” (Tôi trả bạn bao nhiêu tiền cho dịch vụ/hàng hóa nào đó?)

Ví dụ:

Thanks very much for the work you have done on those curtains. What’s the damage?

5. HARM

Verb:

Dùng cho cả người và vật; những đặc tính trừu tượng như cuộc sống, sức khỏe, hanh phúc, cơ hội thành công:

Ví dụ:

The bank robbers were anxious not to harm anyone.
Without doubt,the burning of fossil fuels harms the environment in which we live
Pollution can harm marine life.

Noun:

Có một số cụm từ liên quan như will come to no harm, it will do no harm to…, there’s no harm in…, no harm done

Ví dụ:

Will my dog be all right with you? ~ He’ll be fine. He’ll come to no harm in my garden.
It will do / can do no harm to remind him to take the medication before he goes to bed.
She might not agree, but there’s no harm in asking her to postpone the meeting.
I’m sorry to crash into you like that! Are you all right? ~ I’m fine. No harm done!

Adjective:

harmful / harmless: có hại/vô hại

Ví dụ: